Using quota systems that limit mining, smelting, and now imported ores, China has positioned itself as a global gatekeeper of critical minerals.
The country aims to maintain its dominance via strict export and technology controls, growing investment in R&D, and global resource expansion.
With China expected to retain control of rare earth supplies in the short to medium term, MNCs should actively engage with relevant authorities to navigate quotas and licensing, diversify supply sources, and monitor evolving policies.